RESUMEN
The main sources of lead exposure for children occur in the home environment, yet no low-cost analytical methods exist to screen homes for lead hazards. Previously, an inexpensive (~$20), quantitative lead screening kit was developed in which residents collect soil, paint, and dust samples that are returned to a laboratory for lead analysis using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). This screening kit was initially validated in 2020; it was determined that in situ and ex situ XRF lead measurements on the same samples exhibited strong sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. As a follow-up to the initial validation, an implementation study and further statistical analyses were conducted. Correlation analysis using the results from nearly 400 screening kits identified an overall lack of correlation between sample types, reinforcing the utility of all eight sample locations. Principal component analysis searched for underlying correlations in sample types and provided evidence that both interior and exterior paint are major sources of lead hazards for Indiana homes. The implementation study compared the results of the government-standard lead inspection and risk assessment (LIRA) and the lead screening kit in 107 Indiana homes. In the United States, the LIRA is a thorough inspection of paint, dust, and soil that is usually state mandated in response to a child's elevated blood level and is used to identify where remediation efforts should be focused. The lead screening kit and LIRA agreed on the presence of lead in 79 of the 107 homes tested (74%). Discrepancies in agreement are likely the result of differences in the sample location and number of samples collected by each method. Overall, these results suggest that the lead screening kit is an acceptable resource that could be used to expand the services health departments provide for lead prevention. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-10. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
RESUMEN
Portable NIR spectrometers are effective in detecting authentic pharmaceutical products in intact capsule formulations, which can be used to screen for substandard or falsified versions of those authentic products. However, the chemometric models are trained on libraries of authentic products, and are generally unreliable for detection of quality problems in products from outside their training set, even for products that are nominally the same active pharmaceutical ingredient and same dosage as products in the training set. As part of our research directed at developing better non-brand-specific strategies for pharmaceutical screening, we investigated the impact of capsule composition on NIR modeling. We found that capsule features like gelatin type, color, or thickness, give rise to a similar amount of variance in the NIR spectra as the type of API stored within the capsules. Our results highlight the efficacy of orthogonal projection to latent structures in mitigating the impacts of different types of capsules on the accuracy of NIR chemometric models for classification and regression analysis of lab-made samples. The models showed good performance for classification of field-collected doxycycline capsules as good or bad quality when an NIR-based % w/w metric was used, identifying five samples that were adulterated with talc. However, the % w/w was systematically underestimated, so when evaluating the capsules based on their absolute API content according to the monograph standard, the classification accuracy decreased from 100% to 70%. The underestimation was attributed to an unforeseen variability in the quantities and types of excipients present in the capsules.
